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Table 2 – World steel production country by country

Area 2014 2013 2014/2013 The steel factories, that are the key of the industrial
(Mt) (Mt) (%) development of one country, are the largest source
Europe 312.9 313.2 -0.1 of pollutants due to the energy intensity during ste-
of which: el production.
EU (28) 169.2 166.3 1.7 The main impacts come from the use of energy
CIS 105.3 108.3 -2.8 and raw materials, which result in the following
North America 121.2 118.9 2.0 emissions: carbon oxide (CO), carbon dioxide
of which: (aCnOd2d),ussutlpehmuisr soioxindse.s (SOx), nitrogen oxides (NOx),
United States 88.3 86.9 1.7 Water gets also contaminated during its use throu-
South America 45.2 45.8 -1.4 ghout the plant for cooling and/or heat transfer,
Africa 15.9 16.1 -0.7 quenching and other processes. Cooperation with
Middle East 28.5 26.5 7.7 chemical industry could help also steel factory to
Asia 1132.3 1116.1 1.4 manage at its best the solid wastes generated du-
of which: ring the plant operations.
China 822.7 815.4 0.9 To overcome the environment impact of a steel
Japan 110.7 110.6 0.1 production we propose to design an Advanced
5.5 5.6 -1.8 Green Steel Factory including power generation
Australia/New Zealand 1661.5 1642.2 1.2 and chemical production and a cross cooperation
with chemical factories and refineries.
World

9. Crude steel production
waniddeitbsaCsOis2 emission on world
Figure 8 indicates the world crude steel pro-

duction and the reAlastseodciaCtOio2n emissions (Data
from World Steel files), while ta-

ble 2 indicates the steel production country by

country.

The carbon intensity of iron and steel produc-

tion varies considerably between the different

steel production routes. This can range from

a/ rEoluencdtric0.A4rtcoFnusrCnaOc2e/tso(nEsAcFrsu),detosateroeul nfodr scrap
1.7 to

1.8 tons CFOur2n/taocnes crude steel for the integra-
ted Blast (BF) Basic Oxygen Furnace

(BOF) and to 2.4 up toDi2re.5cttoRnesdCucOe2d/toIrnosn crude
steel for coal-based (DRI)

processes.

Fig. 7 - Blast furnace section Figure 9 indicates the primary and secondary

Fig. 8 - World crude steel production and related CO2 emissions steel production routes and figure 10 the pro-
30 Impiantistica Italiana - Luglio-Agosto 2016
posed CO2 abatement and utilization strategy.

10. Conclusions
The development of this integration between refi-

nery, steel factory and power generation including

CtioOn2 utilization (CCU) could be an interesting op-
helping the set up of a new structure of energy

sector.

The proposed plant configurations here indicated

could change according to the requirements of the

areas where will be sited.

This proposed synergy could help to coal’s salva-

tion, enabling coal to compete in the low-carbon

future. Recent studies state that the use of a varie-

ty of carbon utilization technologies can potentially

reduce eaqnunautainl gCOto2 emissions from 3 Gtons to 4
Gtons, approximately 10% to 12% of

current annual CO2 emissions on world wide basis.