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Table 1 - This table is indicating a list of CO2 conversion opportunities (not including EOR, Enhanced Oil Recovery)

Final products Reaction chemistry & Reactive or catalyst Utilization Notes
Petroleum products conversion unit
Reactor supplied with Catalyst (magnetite or Fuel Product: e.g. Reactor could be supplied also
Methane and water fuel and CO2 others) that could be kerosene , diesel with micronized coal
recycled Methane
Solid carbonates This technology could be
and/or bicarbonates Sabatier reaction Nickel replaced Ably2OT3iO2, interesting using low cost kWh
materials combines CO2 and SiO2, MgO and from renewables
Polycarbonate hydrogen US Skyonic Corporation
products (plastics) developed SkyCycle process
for use in packaging Scrubber is supplied Sodium hydroxide Building material removing heavy metals and
industry by waste heat from the psoudlliinugmCbOic2aorbuot ntoatfeorm acid gases
fossil power plant --

PPC polymers Novomer’s catalysts • Bottles
created through the technology • Films
polymerization ocaf lCleOd2 • Laminates
and chemicals
epoxides

Soluble bicarbonates Scrubber system Alcalyne clay, a • Construction fill Alcoa pilot scale process is
and featuring and enzyme byproduct of aluminium material demonstrating this conversion
carbonates catalyst refining • Soil amendments Pilot plant by Touchstone
Open pond algae - • Green ferlilizer Research Laboratory Ltd
production technology Algae pond surface Extracted lipids from
covered by a phase CbiOnd2 itnogcitawrbiothnaCtae and harvested algae Calera Corporation Process is
Solid carbonates change material Mg converted to bio-fuel removing also heavy metals &
to regulate daily and residual biomass acid gases
temperature and reduce to methane
evaporation
Scrubber is supplied Building material
by waste heat from the
fossil power plants

2. Opportunities to convert sCuochnvaesrtcinhgemcaicpatulsr,ecdaCrbOo2niantteosp, rpoladsutcictss,
icnadputsutrreidalCsOo2uercmeisssiniotonsusfreofmul fuels, building materials, and other
products
commodities is an important aspect of
Converting ccaaprbtuorneadteCs,O2plianstoticps,rodfuuecltss, such as carbon utilization technology.
chemicals, building
available from fossil fuel-based power plants and
Fig. 3 - The energy barrier materials, and other commodities is an important oCfWrpoOimtph2oeinromtutthiansebistriileoeCsn1Os(n2cios-oetinmnintdrictoictlulinatdgeteicndihgnndaEouOllisosRttgri)ioe.efssC.eOq2ucipopnevderwsioithn
to be crossed to break the
CO2 molecule is higher, but aspect of carbon utilization technology. Converting 3. Chemistry of carbon
a catalyst lower this energy dioxide
barrier CemOi2ssiniotonsuisneafurel afosrwmhserceanlonhge-lptertmo reduce carbon
is not practical or not competitive. storage of CO2 The well known reaction of carbon with oxygen can
be summarized as follows:
It is anticipated that large volumes of CO2 will be

C + O2 = CO2 Delta H = -94.0 kcal/mole

Delta H defines the heat content of the products

minus the heat content of the reactants.

This chemical reaction is reversible. If a molecule of

faConOrom2thacecarqrmbuioroenlseacenundleo,uogtxhyhigseeCnneO.rTg2 hymedouelernicneugrgleay collision with
can break to
barrier to be

crossed is higher, but a catalyst lowers this energy

barrier (figure 3).

Chemical reactions in the living system are cata-

lyzed by an enzyme, a very complex three-di-

Impiantistica Italiana - Luglio-Agosto 2016 27