Page 35 - Impiantistica Italiana

1. Current T&D market dent on local conditions, such as among others:
•
area of the country, population density and po-
situation and future trends pulation with access to electricity;
• type of territory (flat, hilly, mountainous etc.),
Under the overall T&D markets we typically refer to environmental conditions (windy, icy, contami-
the following key technologies: nated etc.) and existing infrastructures (roads,
• OHTL; railways etc.);
• underground and undersea cables; • type of power production plants and their lo-
• AC substations; cation (e.g. large plants far from load centers
• AC/DC converters; with long transmission systems, RES (Rene-
• back-to-back stations; wable Energy Sources) either concentrated
• power electronics (FACTS); mainly in large plants, or distributed etc.);
• protections; • subsea cables or underground interconnec-
• controls; tions, mainly in DC (e.g. subsea in Europe,
• ICT; both in Baltic and North Sea as well as in the
• smart grids. Mediterranean, but also underground in the
continent);
Today we have millions of kilometers of power lines • MV/LV distribution mainly in cables / aerial li-
around the world: nes with insulated cables vs. conventional ae-
• HV transmission: 5 Mkm rial lines with bare conductors and insulation
• MV distribution: 30 Mkm assemblies;
• LV distribution: 35 Mkm • type of electrical market regulation (integrated
generation, T&D and sales or concessions for
According to IEA [1], in 2016 China alone ac- T&D even with possible auctions); incentives /
counted for 30% of global T&D investments (83 penalties for security / reliability and quality of
US$ billion), followed by the USA with 17% (47 B supply and for reduction of losses;
US$), Europe with 15% (42 B US$ ) and India and • level of automation of primary and secondary
South East Asia with 13% (36 B US$). The value substations and sophistication of protections /
and subdivision of investments between transmis- controls / dispatching/ monitoring / DSM (Digi-
sion at High Voltage (HV) and distribution at Me- tal Metering Systems) to assure security / relia-
dium (MV) and Low Voltage (LV) is strongly depen- bility and quality of supply and minimization of
O&M (Operations & Maintenance) costs;
• capitalized cost of losses (higher values incre-
ase the conductor size and costs of lines and
List of acronyms trafos);
• local manufacturing capabilities of electrical
AC Alternating Current machinery and equipment, and local costs
ACSR Aluminum Cable Steel Reinforced and financing availability / costs;
DC Direct Current • permits for construction procedures with rele-
FACTS Flexible Alternating Current Transmission Systems vant times and costs.
HTLS High Temperature Low Sag Conductor
HV High Voltage (normally above 90 kV) Depending on the region, the cost for transmission
ICT Information Communication Technology infrastructures varies between 5%-15% of the to-
LV Low Voltage (below 1 kV) tal electricity sector costs, and for distribution in-
MV Medium Voltage (from 1 kV to 90 kV) frastructures between 20% -35%.In USA the ratio
OHTL Over Head Transmission Line between distribution and transmission expenditu-
O&M Operations & Maintenance res in 2015 was around 2 to 1 (similar to world ave-
RES Renewable Energies Sources rage) while in EU was around 5 to 1 [2].
RoW Right of Way of an OHTL The table 1 summarizes the 2015 market in mil-
T&D Transmission and Distribution lion US$ for T&D equipment and systems, by world
UHVDC Ultra High Voltage Direct Current regions according to INMR [3] and based on Goul-
den Reports.

Following an earlier paper “Trends in Worldwide Electrical Power Generation &Consumption”, published in the num-
ber of January-February 2018 of this magazine, this paper reports some of the data collected and analyzed with the
support of CESI for my keynote presentation “Trends in Energy & Electrical Power Worldwide & Impact on Deve-
lopment of T&D Systems” at the World Inmr Congress in Sitges (Spain) on november 5-8, 2017.

Impiantistica Italiana - Marzo-Aprile 2018 33