Page 54 - Impiantistica Industriale - Settembre Ottobre 2014
P. 54
ne, it was the first organic compound to be artifi-
cially synthesized from inorganic starting materials
(1828, F. Woehler)).
Commercial operation of ammonia plant is still ba-
sed upon the original Haber-Bosch process. The
Haber-Bosch process involves the synthesis of
hydrogen with gaseous nitrogen using an iron pro-
moted catalyst at high temperature and high pres-
sure according to the following equation:
Fig. 15 – Ficher-Tropsch product upgrading N2 + 3 H2 → 2 NH3
90% of global ammonia plants are natural gas
fed. Typically syngas is generated in an SMR
process itself is inefficient, with a ma- and then fed into a secondary ATR reformer
ximum theoretical thermal efficiency
of the FT reaction at 67%, and then along with air, which is the source of the nitro-
with losses, especially in syngas gene-
ration, modern plants at best achieve gen.
efficiencies of around 58%.
Small scale GTL would enable the tTyhpeicaClOA2 GisRUrem(Aocviedd from the raw syngas by
monetisation of both the huge number Gas Removal Unit) units
of small stranded gas fields (< 1TCF),
where LNG isn’t economic, and the (such as hot carbonate solution or aMDEA),
currently flared associated gas produ-
ced with oil in places where there is no then any remaining carbon oxides are metha-
economical way to transport the gas
to market. nated prior to syngas compression and fed into
the ammonia converter. Liquid ammonia is then
separated from any un-reacted syngas which is
recycled back into the converter.
The urea process is based on the synthesis at
high pressure of ammonia and carbon dioxide,
both produced in the ammonia plant.
Without entering in further details, it is worth
9. Ammonia – Urea to note “tehqaut iNlibHra3 taendd” fCoOr 2urfreoampnroadtuurcatliogna,smaere-
almost
Ammonia is named after the Egyptian god Am-
Fig. 16 – Egyptian God Ammon mon (figure 16). White crystals, originated by the asynninggasthpartepthaeraCtioOn2 removed from the ammonia
combustion of camel excrement, were found on is sufficient to convert all the
the walls of the God’s temple. Ammonia was first
isolated in 1774. ammonia into urea (figure 17).
Ammonia is the basic building block of nitrogen
fertilisers that are the most widely used fertilizers
in the world. The majority of the world’s ammonia
Urea (or carbamide) was first found in human uri- is produced from natural gas with the exception
Fig. 17 - Ammonia to Urea
Impiantistica Italiana - Settembre - Ottobre 2014 53
cially synthesized from inorganic starting materials
(1828, F. Woehler)).
Commercial operation of ammonia plant is still ba-
sed upon the original Haber-Bosch process. The
Haber-Bosch process involves the synthesis of
hydrogen with gaseous nitrogen using an iron pro-
moted catalyst at high temperature and high pres-
sure according to the following equation:
Fig. 15 – Ficher-Tropsch product upgrading N2 + 3 H2 → 2 NH3
90% of global ammonia plants are natural gas
fed. Typically syngas is generated in an SMR
process itself is inefficient, with a ma- and then fed into a secondary ATR reformer
ximum theoretical thermal efficiency
of the FT reaction at 67%, and then along with air, which is the source of the nitro-
with losses, especially in syngas gene-
ration, modern plants at best achieve gen.
efficiencies of around 58%.
Small scale GTL would enable the tTyhpeicaClOA2 GisRUrem(Aocviedd from the raw syngas by
monetisation of both the huge number Gas Removal Unit) units
of small stranded gas fields (< 1TCF),
where LNG isn’t economic, and the (such as hot carbonate solution or aMDEA),
currently flared associated gas produ-
ced with oil in places where there is no then any remaining carbon oxides are metha-
economical way to transport the gas
to market. nated prior to syngas compression and fed into
the ammonia converter. Liquid ammonia is then
separated from any un-reacted syngas which is
recycled back into the converter.
The urea process is based on the synthesis at
high pressure of ammonia and carbon dioxide,
both produced in the ammonia plant.
Without entering in further details, it is worth
9. Ammonia – Urea to note “tehqaut iNlibHra3 taendd” fCoOr 2urfreoampnroadtuurcatliogna,smaere-
almost
Ammonia is named after the Egyptian god Am-
Fig. 16 – Egyptian God Ammon mon (figure 16). White crystals, originated by the asynninggasthpartepthaeraCtioOn2 removed from the ammonia
combustion of camel excrement, were found on is sufficient to convert all the
the walls of the God’s temple. Ammonia was first
isolated in 1774. ammonia into urea (figure 17).
Ammonia is the basic building block of nitrogen
fertilisers that are the most widely used fertilizers
in the world. The majority of the world’s ammonia
Urea (or carbamide) was first found in human uri- is produced from natural gas with the exception
Fig. 17 - Ammonia to Urea
Impiantistica Italiana - Settembre - Ottobre 2014 53
