Page 55 - Impiantistica Industriale - Settembre Ottobre 2014
P. 55
. 18 – High level of China, where the ammonia produced is from 10. Conclusions
technology decision map coal gasification. The main use (90%) of urea is as
nitrogenous fertilisers for agriculture (prills, granules, A consolidated decision map is shown
UAN - Urea Ammonium Nitrate - solution), ureic in figure 18. This has been redrawn as a
resins. consolidated of maps available in public
The annual ammonia production is about 140 domain and shows the most likely economical
millions Mt/y (32% China); price: ~440 $/Mt (Arab technology to be applied to natural gas
Gulf); ~510 $/Mt (Europe). monetisation, based on availability of gas
The annual urea production is > 160 millions MT/y; (typically an annual production rate) and
price: ~315-350 $/Mt. distance to market.
There is clearly a significant blurred over-
lap (not shown here for clarity) between the
boundaries of the decision map. However,
the overall trend is clear; gas-to-market
for local supply is either via electricity generation
or pipeline, but as the distance to market increa-
ses (thus the transportation costs) the liquefaction
technologies typically become the most viable (fig.
18).
In some cases even regional carbon pricing may
change the technologies required for gas moneti-
sation, for example CCS may become an important
part of any plant using natural gas as a feedstock
or fuel.
Shale gas is a “revolution” in North America. Out-
side North America, development could be 2020+.
Guido Collodi
Guido Collodi is Process Director, Chemicals, in the syngas. He then became Technology Leader with
Process Plants Division of Foster Wheeler Italiana process responsibility in major IGCC and Gas
in Milan, with responsibilities in fertilisers, syngas to Liquids projects. Guido Collodi has published
derivatives, hydrogen, and SNG technologies. several papers on IGCC, gasification, hydrogen
Before joining Foster Wheeler in 2006, Guido spent and flue gas treatment and gained his degree in
his career in the process department of Snamprogetti Chemical Engineering from University of Pisa, Italy,
(now Saipem), entrusted with inorganic chemical in 1979.
plants such as hydrogen, ammonia, methanol and
Trasporto o trasformazione, principali opzioni
disponibili per la valorizzazione del gas
Un tema ricorrente in tutte le più autorevoli previsioni legate al mondo dell’energia è il crescente ruolo del gas naturale
nel mix energetico globale. Tali previsioni prendono in considerazione un complesso mosaico di fattori e presupposti e
quindi non sorprende che esse non siano allineate e concordi.
Tuttavia, i due temi seguenti sono capisaldi di tutte le previsioni. In primo luogo, un aumento della domanda globale di
energia come risultato della crescita della popolazione, dell’aumentata prosperità e industrializzazione. In secondo luogo,
iniziative relative ai mutamenti climatici (attualmente la variabile più incerta in tutte le previsioni) favoriranno soluzioni a
basso impatto ambientale in termini di emissioni “dgiaCsOm2.onetisation” (valorizzazione del gas) sono classificate come
Le principali opzioni disponibili per la cosiddetta
54 IttmrraapssiafpnootrisrmttioacazeiIottarnlaieasnfdoaer-mlSgeaatztseimo. nbree. -QOutteosbrteo2a0r1t4icolo si concentra sugli aspetti tecnologici di alcune delle principali tecnologie di
technology decision map coal gasification. The main use (90%) of urea is as
nitrogenous fertilisers for agriculture (prills, granules, A consolidated decision map is shown
UAN - Urea Ammonium Nitrate - solution), ureic in figure 18. This has been redrawn as a
resins. consolidated of maps available in public
The annual ammonia production is about 140 domain and shows the most likely economical
millions Mt/y (32% China); price: ~440 $/Mt (Arab technology to be applied to natural gas
Gulf); ~510 $/Mt (Europe). monetisation, based on availability of gas
The annual urea production is > 160 millions MT/y; (typically an annual production rate) and
price: ~315-350 $/Mt. distance to market.
There is clearly a significant blurred over-
lap (not shown here for clarity) between the
boundaries of the decision map. However,
the overall trend is clear; gas-to-market
for local supply is either via electricity generation
or pipeline, but as the distance to market increa-
ses (thus the transportation costs) the liquefaction
technologies typically become the most viable (fig.
18).
In some cases even regional carbon pricing may
change the technologies required for gas moneti-
sation, for example CCS may become an important
part of any plant using natural gas as a feedstock
or fuel.
Shale gas is a “revolution” in North America. Out-
side North America, development could be 2020+.
Guido Collodi
Guido Collodi is Process Director, Chemicals, in the syngas. He then became Technology Leader with
Process Plants Division of Foster Wheeler Italiana process responsibility in major IGCC and Gas
in Milan, with responsibilities in fertilisers, syngas to Liquids projects. Guido Collodi has published
derivatives, hydrogen, and SNG technologies. several papers on IGCC, gasification, hydrogen
Before joining Foster Wheeler in 2006, Guido spent and flue gas treatment and gained his degree in
his career in the process department of Snamprogetti Chemical Engineering from University of Pisa, Italy,
(now Saipem), entrusted with inorganic chemical in 1979.
plants such as hydrogen, ammonia, methanol and
Trasporto o trasformazione, principali opzioni
disponibili per la valorizzazione del gas
Un tema ricorrente in tutte le più autorevoli previsioni legate al mondo dell’energia è il crescente ruolo del gas naturale
nel mix energetico globale. Tali previsioni prendono in considerazione un complesso mosaico di fattori e presupposti e
quindi non sorprende che esse non siano allineate e concordi.
Tuttavia, i due temi seguenti sono capisaldi di tutte le previsioni. In primo luogo, un aumento della domanda globale di
energia come risultato della crescita della popolazione, dell’aumentata prosperità e industrializzazione. In secondo luogo,
iniziative relative ai mutamenti climatici (attualmente la variabile più incerta in tutte le previsioni) favoriranno soluzioni a
basso impatto ambientale in termini di emissioni “dgiaCsOm2.onetisation” (valorizzazione del gas) sono classificate come
Le principali opzioni disponibili per la cosiddetta
54 IttmrraapssiafpnootrisrmttioacazeiIottarnlaieasnfdoaer-mlSgeaatztseimo. nbree. -QOutteosbrteo2a0r1t4icolo si concentra sugli aspetti tecnologici di alcune delle principali tecnologie di
