Page 81 - Impiantistica industriale

2013 (this has been the last reform to date), and
it now states: “in the case of oil as well as of the
carbides of hydrogen solid, liquid and gaseous, in
the subsoil, the ownership of the Nation is inaliena-
ble and imprescriptible and no concessions will be
granted. In order to obtain income for the State that
contributes to the long-term development of the
Nation, it shall carry out the exploration and extrac-
tion activities of oil and other hydrocarbons through
allocations to productive enterprises of the State or
through contracts with them or with individuals, un-
der the terms of the Regulatory Act. In order to fulfi l
the purpose of such allocations or contracts, pro-
ductive enterprises of the State may contract with
private companies. In any case, the hydrocarbons
in the subsoil are the property of the Nation and this
must be affi rmed in the assignments or contracts”.
The executive legislation also opened up the pos-
sibilities of establishing public-private partnerships
between Pemex and private companies for the ex-
ploration and exploitation of hydrocarbons.
Interestingly, during the harsh negotiations that
were carried out during 1939 with Standard Oil
to establish the amount of compensation for the
1938 expropriation, Donald R. Richberg, the Stan- while PRI transformed its political hegemony into
dard Oil attorney, proposed to President Lázaro a monopoly, it evolved into a center-right-wing
Cárdenas that the US company could continue force. PRI had governed Mexico uninterruptedly
to do exploration and exploitation of the Mexican from 1929 to 2000 but, allegedly ridden with cor-
oil resources under the established principle that ruption, it lost the presidential elections for the
the resources belonged to the Mexican state but fi rst time in 2000, when they were won by the
through a set of commercial contracts and other Partido Acción Nacional (PAN), a conservative
legal instruments. As it is known, this proposal was right-wing party of Vicente Fox. In the following
rejected. 2006 elections, the PAN again won the presi-
dential elections with Felipe Calderón, while An-
The slump in oil prices in drés Manuel López Obrador (AMLO) ran with the
2014 and many decades of Partido de la Revolución Democrática (PRD), a
socialist party and member of the Socialist Inter-
“mismanagement rendered national. AMLO later attributed his defeat to frau-
critical the situation of Pemex dulent acts and obstacles to his election put in
place by the PAN. In 2012, the PAN subsequen-
and ineffective the Peña Nieto’s tly lost the elections when the PRI came back to
energy sector reform power with President Enrique Peña Nieto.

On 1 July 2018, Mexico fi nally
The slump in oil prices that happened in 2014 and
the critical situation of Pemex after many decades elected the left-wing candidate
of mismanagement somehow rendered ineffective “AMLO as its new president, with
the sector’s Peña Nieto reform and the sector of more than 53% of the vote
the Mexican economy as well as its NOC have con-
tinued on a path of decline.
In 2018, with the election of AMLO and his party On 1 July 2018, Mexico fi nally elected the left-wing
the Movimiento Regeneración Nacional (Morena), a candidate AMLO as its new president, with more
leftist political movement came to power to govern than 53% of the vote, while he won 31 of 32 states.
Mexico for the fi rst time. Mexican elections changed the political scenario of
bipartidism (formerly only the PRI and the PAN) with
AMLO’s Political Trajectory the entry of a new political force, the Movimiento
Regeneración Nacional (Morena). AMLO pledged
After its independence, Mexico passed through during his campaign to root out corruption, reduce
a number of complicated as well as bloody revo- violence, stop energy deals that are not good for
lutions upon which the country fi nally found a po- the nation and spur growth in impoverished areas.
litical course in 1929 with the foundation of the He was particularly critical towards Peña Nieto’s
Partido Revolucionario Institucional (PRI), which hydrocarbons reform and, on many occasions,
was at the beginning a center-left-wing party and AMLO pointed out that he is an admirer of Presi-
member of the Socialist International. However, dent Lázaro Cárdenas.

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