Page 48 - Impiantistica Novembre-Dicemvre 2015

ger term, when emission limits will be tighter, the
nemecisessisointasteotfigthheterreesmidiussailonnocno-cnatrpotlusriendoCthOe2r may
tors such as transport and agriculture, which may
involve high greenhouse gas abatement costs.
This paper assesses the technical feasibility and
costs of achieving a higher level of
(around 98%) in oxy-combustion and
In the oxy-combustion case this was achieved by
passing the vent gas from
gh a membrane separation
vrweeictnhytchgleiagdshetworitcthhoeancbloeownileterrra. tCFiooOnr2sgcoaofsniCfcicOean2ttiaroanntdiobOnas2a,enwddhpailcaghnatisss The cost estimates in this paper were derived in
an additional MDEA (methyldiethanolammine) sol-
vent scrubbing stage was added after the Selexol
scrubber.
An alternative way of achieving near-zero net emis-
tshioant sboiofmCaOs2siswthoiccho-ifsirepsroodmuecebdiominaasss,uasstsauinmabinlge
way has near-zero net emissions
could be used in post, pre- and
capture plants. This paper assesses a plant with
90% post combustion capture and sufficient co-
firing of woody biomass to achieve zero net emis-
sions.
An alternative way of achieving near-zero
binoemt aesmsi,sassiosnusmoinf gCOth2aitsbtioomcoa-sfisrewshoicmheis
produced in a sustainable way has near-
zero net emissions of
be used in post, pre-
capture plants
Another possible constraint on the large scale ap-
plication of CCS in some places may be water avai-
lability. To complement the base cases, which were
based on natural draught cooling towers, sensitivi-
ty cases based on once-through sea water cooling
and dry air cooling are presented.
In addition to the
avoidance and the
per also assesses the sensitivities to various eco-
nomic parameters, including the coal price, capaci-
ty factor, discount rate, plant life,
storage cost and CO2 emissions
Technical and economic basis
The technical and economic basis for the asses-
sment is described in more detail in [2]. The main
base case assumptions are:
• greenfield site, Netherlands coastal location;
• 9 °C ambient temperature;
• natural draught cooling towers;
• Eastern Australian internationally traded bitu-
minous coal (0.86% sulphur as received);
• coal price: 2.5 €/GJ LHV (Low Heating Value)
basis;
46 Impiantistica Italiana - Novembre-Dicembre 2015
• 2Q: 2013 costs;
• discount rate: 8% (constant money values);
• operating life: 25 years;
sec- • construction time: pulverised coal plants: 3 ye-
ars; gasification plants: 4 years;
• capacity factor: pulverised coal plants: 90%;
gasification plants: 85%;
• CO2 transport and storage cost: 10 €/t stored.
ICGOC2Ccpalpatnutrse.
CunOit2, purification throu- Cost definitions
which produces a
general accordance with the White Paper “Toward
a common method of cost estimation fpolranCtsO”2,
capture and storage at fossil fuel power
produced collaboratively by authors from IEAGHG
(International Energy Agency Greenhouse Gas),
EPRI (Electric Power Research Institute), USDOE
(US Department of Energy), NET (National Energy
Technology Laboratory), Carnegie Mellon Univer-
oofxCy-Oc2o.mBbioumstaiosns sity, IEA (International Energy Agency), the Global
CCS Institute and Vattenfall [3].
Capital cost
The capital cost is presented as the Total Plant Cost
(TPC) and the Total Capital Requirement (TCR):
• TPC is defined as the installed cost of the
plant, including direct materials, construction,
EPC services, other costs and project contin-
gency;
aCnOd2.oBxyio-cmoamsbsucsotuioldn • TCR is defined as the sum of TPC, interest
during construction, spare parts cost, working
capital, start-up costs and owner’s costs.
For each of the cases the TPC has been deter-
mined through a combination of licensor / vendor
quotes, the use of Amec Foster Wheeler’s in-house
database and the development of conceptual esti-
mating models, based on the specific characteri-
stics, materials and design conditions of each item
of equipment in the plant. The other components
of the TCR have been estimated mainly as per-
centages of other cost estimates in the plant. The
overall estimate accuracy is in the range from +35
to -15%.
styepnesitoivfitcieosolitnogpseyrscteenmta, gtheeCpOa-2
CcOos2tt.ransport and
Levelised cost of electricity
Levelised Cost of Electricity (LCOE) is widely reco-
gnised as a convenient tool for comparing the unit
costs of different technologies over their economic
lifetime. LCOE is defined as the price of electricity
which enables the present value from all sales of
electricity over the economic lifetime of the plant
to equal the present value of all costs of building,
maintaining and operating the plant over its lifetime.
LCOE in this paper is calculated assuming constant
(in real terms) prices for fuel and other costs and
constant operating capacity factors throughout the
plant lifetime, apart from lower capacity factors in